![]() ![]() In all cases, their use requires consideration of context and a well-reasoned justification. The principles are guides to support ethical decision-making, and should not be used as rules. For example, the guideline that participants give their informed consent to participate comes from the principle of respect for people, and from the principles of mana and manaakitanga. These two sets of principles are the ethical sources of the more specific standards set out in the following chapters. When used together, the two sets address ethical positions of different societies, thereby strengthening ethical discourse in New Zealand. However, they do have important common ground in one sense: they involve knowledge discovery through respectful and rights-based engagement between researchers, participants and communities to advance health and wellbeing. No assumption is made that they cover the same ground in all cases. These Standards do not ethically or conceptually prioritise either of the two sets of principles. The principles presented in this chapter represent the ethical sources of the more specific ‘musts’ and ‘shoulds’ within the detailed standards in the chapters that follow. The bioethics principles that appear here have been used in many sets of human research ethics guidelines, which have carefully established and developed their implications. Te Ara Tika is a set of Māori ethical principles that draws on a foundation of tikanga (Māori protocols and practices) ‘Te Ara Tika’ means ‘to follow the right path’ and is used in this document as a generic set of principles commonly shared by many generations and communities of Māori however, they have application to all people in Aotearoa New Zealand (Hudson et al. ![]() This section sets out two sets of principles that collectively form the basis for these standards: Te Ara Tika principles and bioethics principles.
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